Alzheimer's disease involves:
Neuronal Damage: Progressive neuronal loss and synaptic dysfunction, particularly affecting memory and cognitive function.
Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal accumulation of tau protein inside neurons, disrupting cellular function.
Amyloid Plaques: Extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid protein, contributing to neurotoxicity and inflammation.
Brain Atrophy: Gradual shrinkage of brain tissue, especially in areas crucial for memory and learning.
Complications: Alzheimer's disease leads to severe cognitive decline, loss of independence, and ultimately, death.
Clinical Evaluation
Symptoms: Assessment of symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, language difficulties, mood swings, and behavioral changes.
Physical Examination: Examination findings may include cognitive assessments (e.g., Mini-Mental State Examination), neurological signs, and evaluation for functional impairments.
Diagnostic Tests: Neuroimaging (MRI, CT) to detect brain changes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for biomarkers (e.g., tau, beta-amyloid), and genetic testing (APOE ε4 allele) for risk assessment.
Progressive memory loss, particularly recent memories.
Difficulty in problem-solving, planning, and completing familiar tasks.
Confusion about time, place, and people.
Language problems, such as finding words or understanding speech.
Changes in mood, personality, and behavior.
Management aims to slow progression and improve quality of life:
Medications: Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, rivastigmine) and NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) to enhance cognitive function and manage symptoms.
Supportive Care: Assistance with daily activities, memory aids, and structured routines.
Therapies: Cognitive stimulation, occupational therapy, and speech therapy.
Research: Investigational therapies targeting amyloid and tau pathology, and clinical trials for disease-modifying treatments.