Pathophysiology
Gingivitis involves inflammation of the gums (gingiva) primarily caused by bacterial plaque buildup on teeth. The bacteria produce toxins that irritate the gum tissue, leading to inflammation.
Plaque Formation: Accumulation of dental plaque, a biofilm of bacteria, on teeth and along the gumline.
Gingival Inflammation: Bacteria release toxins that irritate and inflame the gums.
Gum Tissue Damage: Prolonged inflammation can lead to damage to the gingival tissues.
Risk Factors: Poor oral hygiene, smoking, certain medications, hormonal changes, and systemic diseases can increase susceptibility.
Medical Diagnosis
Clinical Evaluation
Symptoms: Swollen, red gums that bleed easily during brushing or flossing.
Diagnostic Tests: Measurement of gum pocket depth, dental X-rays to assess bone loss, and sometimes bacterial culture tests.
Signs and Symptoms
Swollen Gums: Gums appear red, swollen, and may be tender.
Bleeding Gums: Gums bleed easily, especially during brushing or flossing.
Bad Breath: Persistent bad breath (halitosis) due to bacterial activity.
Receding Gums: Gums may start to pull away from the teeth.
Sensitive Teeth: Teeth may become more sensitive to hot, cold, or sweet foods.
Treatment
Professional Cleaning: Removal of plaque and tartar through scaling and root planing.
Improved Oral Hygiene: Regular brushing, flossing, and use of antibacterial mouthwash.
Dental Check-ups: Regular dental visits for monitoring and preventive care.
Lifestyle Changes: Quitting smoking, managing systemic conditions contributing to gingivitis.
Education: Patient education on proper oral hygiene practices.