Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This can be caused by various factors including genetic predisposition, brain injury, infections, tumors, stroke, or metabolic imbalances. During a seizure, neurons in the brain may fire excessively, leading to symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain affected.
Clinical Evaluation
History: Detailed description of seizure episodes, including triggers and associated symptoms.
Physical Examination: Neurological assessment to check for abnormalities.
Diagnostic Tests: Electroencephalogram (EEG) to record brain waves and identify abnormal patterns. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scan may be used to look for structural abnormalities in the brain.
Sudden, uncontrolled movements (convulsions).
Temporary confusion.
Staring spells.
Loss of consciousness or awareness.
Sensations such as tingling, numbness, or unusual smells or tastes (auras).
Emotional changes or mood swings.
Treatment for seizures depends on the underlying cause and may include:
Antiseizure Medications: Medications such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid, or levetiracetam to prevent seizures.
Lifestyle Modifications: Avoiding triggers, getting enough sleep, managing stress, and maintaining a regular schedule.
Emergency Care: During a seizure, ensuring safety and providing first aid if needed (e.g., protecting the person from injury, positioning them on their side to prevent choking).
Surgical Options: In some cases, surgery may be considered to remove brain lesions or implant devices that can help control seizures.
Management of Underlying Conditions: Treating the underlying medical conditions that may be causing seizures, such as infections or tumors.