Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, chemical irritants, or physical injury. Common infectious agents include Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, but other bacteria and viruses can also cause urethritis.
Clinical Evaluation
Patient History: Review of symptoms, sexual history, and potential exposure to infectious agents or irritants.
Physical Examination: Examination of the genital area for signs of inflammation, discharge, or lesions.
Laboratory Tests
Urine Test: Analysis of a urine sample to detect signs of infection or inflammation.
Urethral Swab: Collection of a sample from the urethra for culture and sensitivity testing to identify the causative organism.
NAAT (Nucleic Acid Amplification Test): A highly sensitive test to detect specific bacteria or viruses responsible for urethritis.
Blood Tests: To check for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or related conditions.
Painful or burning sensation during urination (dysuria).
Increased frequency or urgency of urination.
Discharge from the urethra (may be clear, cloudy, or purulent).
Itching, irritation, or discomfort at the urethral opening.
Pain during sexual intercourse.
In men, symptoms may include pain or swelling in the testicles.
Treatment for urethritis depends on the underlying cause and the specific infectious agent involved.
Antibiotics: Prescribed to treat bacterial infections, such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Common antibiotics include doxycycline, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone.
Antiviral Medications: Used to treat viral causes of urethritis, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Symptomatic Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen) to reduce pain and inflammation.
Hydration: Increasing fluid intake to help flush out the infection and reduce irritation.
Abstaining from Sexual Activity: Until the infection is fully treated and cleared to prevent transmission to partners.
Partner Notification and Treatment: Informing sexual partners so they can also be tested and treated if necessary.
Follow-up Care: Regular check-ups to ensure the infection has been fully eradicated and to monitor for any complications.