Vaginitis is the inflammation of the vagina that can result from infections, irritants, hormonal changes, or poor hygiene. Common types of vaginitis include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, trichomoniasis, and non-infectious vaginitis. Each type has different causative factors and mechanisms, leading to similar symptoms such as discharge, itching, and discomfort.
Clinical Evaluation
Physical Examination: A healthcare provider will perform a pelvic exam to observe the vaginal walls and cervix for signs of inflammation and abnormal discharge.
Patient History: Information about symptoms, sexual activity, hygiene practices, and medical history is gathered to identify potential causes.
Laboratory Tests
Microscopic Examination: A sample of vaginal discharge is examined under a microscope to detect the presence of bacteria, yeast, or parasites.
pH Test: The pH level of vaginal fluid is tested. A pH higher than 4.5 can indicate bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis, while a normal pH is typically seen in yeast infections.
Cultures: Vaginal discharge may be cultured to grow and identify specific pathogens causing the infection.
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs): These tests can detect the genetic material of infectious organisms such as Trichomonas vaginalis or bacteria causing bacterial vaginosis.
Abnormal vaginal discharge, which may vary in color, consistency, and odor.
Vaginal itching or irritation.
Burning sensation during urination.
Discomfort or pain during intercourse.
Redness and swelling of the vulva and vaginal area.
Vaginal bleeding or spotting (less common).
Treatment for vaginitis depends on the underlying cause.
Bacterial Vaginosis: Antibiotics such as metronidazole or clindamycin are commonly prescribed.
Yeast Infections: Antifungal treatments include over-the-counter or prescription medications such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or fluconazole.
Trichomoniasis: Antiparasitic medication like metronidazole or tinidazole is used to treat this sexually transmitted infection.
Non-Infectious Vaginitis: Identifying and avoiding the irritants causing the inflammation is crucial. This may include changing personal hygiene products, using hypoallergenic products, or managing estrogen levels with hormone replacement therapy if necessary.
Preventive Measures: Good genital hygiene, avoiding douching, wearing breathable cotton underwear, and practicing safe sex can help prevent vaginitis. Regular check-ups and prompt treatment of any symptoms are also essential.